浅谈如何应对节假日高话务对交换机的冲击

针对如何应对节假日高话务量对电话交换机的冲击，确保通信畅通这一问题，提出了看法和建议，并对需要采取的措施从3个方面进行了阐述。     

沼泽沉积环境的辫状河道特征及其识别方法

鄂尔多斯盆地二叠系石盒子组盒8砂岩岩性气藏属沼泽背景下的辫状河沉积。砂岩以粗砂岩、中粗砂岩和中砂岩为主。层理类型主要为块状层理、板状交错层理。沉积序列总体上呈下粗上细的正旋回。心滩沉积微相是最主要的有效储层沉积单元，其内部结构较均匀，伽马曲线表现为较平滑的低值箱状曲线特征。河道地震反射外形呈透镜状或顶平下凸的丘状，属差连续性、中振幅、上超充填地震相。在开发前期井少且井距大的情况下，综合应用地震、地质，测井、钻井等资料，利用地震波形聚类分析和古构造恢复方法进行河道识别，得到盒8期辫状河道平面分布特征。据此优选建产区块和部署开发井位，取得了较好效果。     

Growth and egg production of layer pullets can be affected by the method of supplying energy and protein sources

BACKGROUND: The effects of different methods of offering energy (ES) and protein (PS) sources on growth and egg production of layer pullets were assessed. From 9 to 22 weeks of age, 320 layer chickens (Isa Brown) were allocated to four treatments: 1, control (balanced diet); 2, E60:P40 (ES and PS in balanced diet sequentially during 60 and 40% of daily photoperiod respectively); 3, E40:P60 (ES and PS in balanced diet sequentially during 40 and 60% of daily photoperiod respectively); 4, EPFC (free choice between ES and PS in separate troughs). RESULTS: Sequential or free choice feeding between ES and PS to point of lay decreased feed intake and delayed onset of egg production (P < 0.05). Control pullets had higher body weight at first egg than E60:P40 and E40:P60 birds (P < 0.05). Pullets in the E40:P60 group consumed less ES and more PS than those in other groups (P < 0.05). During the laying period, E40:P60 birds had higher egg production and egg mass than E60:P40 birds. EPFC pullets had lower feed efficiency than control and E40:P60 pullets. CONCLUSION: Offering PS during 60% of the photoperiod to point of lay may decrease feed intake without affecting egg production. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Dynamic temperature dependence patterns in future energy demand models in the context of climate change

Energy demand depends on outdoor temperature in a ‘u’ shaped fashion. Various studies have used this temperature dependence to investigate the effects of climate change on energy demand. Such studies contain implicit or explicit assumptions to describe expected socio-economic changes that may affect future energy demand.This paper critically analyzes these implicit or explicit assumptions and their possible effect on the studies' outcomes. First we analyze the interaction between the socio-economic structure and the temperature dependence pattern (TDP) of energy demand. We find that socio-economic changes may alter the TDP in various ways. Next we investigate how current studies manage these dynamics in socio-economic structure. We find that many studies systematically misrepresent the possible effect of socio-economic changes on the TDP of energy demand. Finally, we assess the consequences of these misrepresentations in an energy demand model based on temperature dependence and climate scenarios. Our model results indicate that expected socio-economic dynamics generally lead to an underestimation of future energy demand in models that misrepresent such dynamics. We conclude that future energy demand models should improve the incorporation of socio-economic dynamics. We propose dynamically modeling several key parameters and using direct meteorological data instead of degree days.     

An investigation of the potential for natural ventilation and building orientation to achieve thermal comfort in warm and humid climates

The aim of this study was to analyze the most important factor, the climatic conditions with respect to thermal comfort in buildings. The impact of building location and climate and orientation on thermal comfort were investigated.With the help of dynamic computer simulations the different hourly weather data were analyzed. First of all the climate determines the amount of solar radiation and mean outside temperature that a building is exposed to. The climate also influences the amount of energy that is used for heating and cooling but also the amount of energy that is used for lighting. There is solar excess which determines the amount of solar energy that is unwanted in the building. With growing amounts of glass and a glazing system that allows large solar heat gains,the impact of orientation is substantial. A detailed analysis was conducted to evaluate the potentials for improving thermal comfort. Detailed results are given in sample graphics and tables in the study. In a tropical climate the improvement in comfort by NV range between 9% and 41% (Kuala Lumpur in April). For a subtropical climate the improvements vary between 3% and 14%. In a temperate climate the improvements vary between 8% and 56%. The results showed that NV has a good potential in tropical and temperate climates but not in subtropical climates. Especially in Hong Kong it seems to be very difficult to apply NV. The results showed that in particular in the hottest period (summer) the potential for comfort improvements is rather small. The design of climate responsive building envelopes should take this into consideration.     

锦州市早期住宅的居住实态调查

锦州市20世纪70～90年代所建住宅,受当时各种条件限制,建造标准较低,远不能满足今天的使用要求。为了探求其使用现状及存在问题,通过对有代表性的锦州早期住宅进行问卷调查、入户访问、摄像、绘图等居住实态调查,获得了相应的统计及实测数据,并对数据进行了分析及总结。结果表明,锦州城市早期住宅存在建筑面积小、户型很少、功能错位等弊端。旨在为今后锦州市20世纪70～90年代住宅改造更新设计提供依据,并强调住宅改造设计和研究应注重可持续发展。     

The vertical distributions of VOCs in the atmosphere of Beijing in autumn

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air of Beijing City were measured at the heights of 8, 32, 140 and 280 m on the Beijing 325 m meteorological tower in autumn 2005. Concentrations of fifty-five compounds were determined by quantitative analytical methods. Our study utilized GC/MS analysis of 0.5 l air sample that were cryo-concentrated prior to analysis. The vertical distributions of VOCs were also investigated using 1-butene, isopentane, dichloromethane and toluene as representative compounds of several different categories. It is shown that 1-butene followed by 2-butene, isopentane followed by n-pentane, dichloromethane followed by chloroform and toluene followed by benzene are the most abundant compounds in the categories of alkene, alkane, halocarbon and aromatic hydrocarbon, respectively. The concentrations of TVOCs range from 51.2+/-39.7 ppb to 83.6+/-44.4 ppb on clear days, but from 62.9+/-19.0 ppb to 105.0+/-59.2 ppb on haze days. While alkenes and halocarbons contribute little to TVOCs, alkanes provide the largest percentage, ranging from about 46% to 63% at four different heights, which are followed by aromatic hydrocarbons ranging from about 15% to 27%. The vertical distributions of VOCs are complex. On clear days most distribution profiles show a decreasing trend with increasing height. On haze days, however, they exhibit first a decrease with increasing altitude from 8 m to 140 m and then a significant increase at 280 m. These results are understood by analyzing how the vertical distributions of VOCs are affected jointly by several factors such as meteorological parameters and transport property. In addition, principal components analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis show that VOCs have different origins at different heights.     

电网负荷采用最大3d平均负荷指标的探讨

分析了采用最大3d平均负荷指标对电网运行的经济性和必要性.随着国内电力供需矛盾趋缓,采用最大3d平均负荷作为电网最大负荷的时机已趋成熟,应参照日本等国的经验,尽早采纳该方法.     

基于馈线负荷骤降度的配电网故障研判方法

针对自动化水平低的配电线路故障停电后难以准确快速定位故障区段和停电范围的问题,提出了一种基于馈线负荷骤降度的配电网故障研判方法。该方法在馈线首端有功功率的骤降度大于一定阈值时启动,然后利用计量自动化系统中配变的历史负荷数据预测故障前馈线上各配变的有功功率,并计算馈线上各开关的负荷占比。通过比较馈线负荷骤降度与各开关负荷占比值,判断故障跳闸开关及停电范围。工程实例的分析结果表明,该方法能够准确定位故障跳闸开关,实时性好,为配电网提供了一种不依赖配电网自动化系统的新的故障研判手段。     

Global sensitivity analysis of yield output from the water productivity model

This study includes a global sensitivity analysis of the water productivity model AquaCrop. The study rationale consisted in a comprehensive evaluation of the model and the formulation of guidelines for model simplification and efficient calibration. The global analysis comprehended a Morris screening followed by a variance-based Extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (EFAST) under diverse environmental conditions for maize, winter wheat and rice. The analysis involved twenty-two different climate-crop-soil-meteorology combinations. The main objectives were to distinguish the model's influential and non-influential parameters, and to examine the yield output sensitivity. For the AquaCrop model, a number of non-influential parameters could be identified. Making these parameters fixed would be a step towards model simplification. Also, a list of influential parameters was identified. Despite the dependence of parameter ranking on environmental conditions, guiding principles for priority parameters were formulated for calibration in diverse conditions, valuable to model users. For this model that focuses on modelling yield response to water, parameters describing crop responses to water stress were not often among those showing highest sensitivity. Instead, particular root and soil parameters, relevant in the determination of water availability, were influential under various conditions and merit attention during calibration. The considerations made in this study about sensitivity analysis method (Morris vs. EFAST), prior parameter ranges, target functions and ranking variation according to environmental conditions can be extrapolated to other conditions and models, if done with the necessary precaution.